* PHYSICAL PROBLEMS
Dwarfism (pronounced /ˈdwɔrfɪzəm/) is short stature resulting from a particular medical condition. It is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm),[2] although this definition is problematic because short stature in itself is not a disorder. Dwarfism can be caused by about 200 distinct medical conditions,[3] such that the symptoms and characteristics of individual people with dwarfism vary greatly. In the United States and Canada, many people with dwarfism prefer to be called little people.[4] Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by one or more body parts' being relatively large or small in comparison to those of a normal adult, with growth abnormalities in specific areas being apparent. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, the body appears normally proportioned, but is abnormally small. Historically, the term midget was used to describe "proportionate dwarfs"; however, this term has now become offensive and pejorative (see terminology). Hypotonia, or a lack of muscle, is common in dwarfs, but intelligence and lifespan are usually normal.
* EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS
Sleep Problems
Like adults, children have dreams when they are in REM sleep. This occurs 4-5 times each night, and while most dreams aren't remembered, some are frightening enough to wake the child and make them summon their parents. Nightmares usually begin when a child is about three years old, they are most common between the ages of three and eight (when their fantasy life is more active) and they are most likely to occur later in the night. Unlike night terrors, your child will be wide awake and responsive after the nightmare and she may be able to recall the details of the nightmare the next morning.
While an occasional nightmare is normal, an increase in the number of nightmares can be a response to stress or your child being anxious about something. Other triggers can be a change in her normal routine, like moving, starting a new school, or a death in the family. Or the nightmares may be a response to a violent or scary movie, television show or story.
When your child has an occasional nightmare, you should reassure her that it was just a dream and isn't real. Give her lots of hugs and be supportive. You may need to search her room with her to reassure her that their aren't any monsters or whatever the nightmare was about. It is probably best to wait until the next morning to really talk about the details of the dream, at which time she should be calmer. And try to figure out if there was a specific event or stressor that may have triggered the nightmares. Did she see a television show or movie or read a story in which this may have occurred? Have you recently moved or had another big change in your home situation? Is she on any new medications that may be affecting her sleep?
Tips to decrease nightmares include:
- Decreasing stress in her life.
- Avoid television at least an hour before bedtime.
- Avoid telling her scary bedtime stories.
- Let her sleep with a night light.
- Talk about the nightmare the next day. Suggest that she draw a picture of the dream to help her talk about it.
While an occasional nightmare is normal, you should seek professional help if the nightmares are also associated with changes in her daytime personality or behavior. If she is under a lot of stress or seems very anxious and the nightmares are increasing, then she may need professional counseling. Otherwise, with a lot of reassurance, she should outgrow them.
Night terrors are more frightening for parents, but can also be normal. They usually occur a few hours after your child has gone to sleep, at which time you may wake up to your child's crying or screaming. When you go to him, he will NOT be alert and won't recognize you, even though he may seem like he is awake. He will usually seem like he is terrified and may have a rapid heart beat and rapid breathing. Night terrors occur as your child moves through different stages of sleep and they represent a partial awakening. Since your child isn't really awake, there is nothing that you can do to reassure him. You should see that he is safe and do not try to wake him up. He will usually settle himself down after a few minutes.
Sleepwalking is similar to night terrors, in that they represent a partial awakening. They also occur a few hours after your child goes to sleep. Although your child may be walking around the house, he is not awake and isn't aware of what he is doing. It is not necessary to wake a child up that is sleepwalking. Instead, you should just make sure that he can't hurt himself and maybe return him to bed. If sleepwalking occurs often and you are worried about your child's safety, you can try and wake him up yourself, before the time that he typically wakes up. This treatment can disrupt the cycle and decrease his sleepwalking.
Some children grind or clench their teeth while sleeping. This is called bruxism and is usually not a concern, unless it is leading to damage of his teeth. Children with bruxism should be evaluated by a pediatric dentist, who may recommend a plastic mouth guard to prevent damage.
* INTELLECTUAL PROBLEMS
Learning disability (sometimes called a learning disorder[1] or learning difficulty), is a classification including several disorders in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors. The unknown factor is the disorder that affects the brain's ability to receive and process information. This disorder can make it problematic for a person to learn as quickly or in the same way as someone who isn't affected by a learning disability. Learning disability is not indicative of intelligence level. Rather, people with a learning disability have trouble performing specific types of skills or completing tasks if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways.
Submitted by: Cherry Billones BEED III -A
Submitted to: Prof. Miranda
